tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52863061838189245422024-03-13T23:08:42.107-07:00PANITIA ICT SMK TAMAN TUANKU JAAFARSMKTTJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12247453858672360132noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5286306183818924542.post-16854945184690581122011-11-25T00:49:00.000-08:002011-11-25T00:49:12.517-08:00William Henry "Bill" Gates III<div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>William Henry</b> "<b>Bill</b>" <b>Gates III</b> (born October 28, 1955)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[4]</a></sup> is an American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magnate" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Business magnate">business magnate</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Investor">investor</a>, philanthropist, and author. Gates is the former CEO and current chairman of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, the software company he founded with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a>. He is consistently ranked among the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_list_of_billionaires" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Forbes list of billionaires">world's wealthiest people</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[5]</a></sup> and was the wealthiest overall from 1995 to 2009, excluding 2008, when he was ranked third.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[6]</a></sup> During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architect" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Software architect">chief software architect</a>, and remains the largest individual shareholder, with 6.4 percent of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_stock" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Common stock">common stock</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[7]</a></sup> He has also authored or co-authored several books.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Gates has been <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Criticism of Microsoft">criticized for his business tactics</a>, which have been considered anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[9]</a></sup> In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, established in 2000.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work, and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually transferred his duties to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ozzie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ray Ozzie">Ray Ozzie</a>, chief software architect, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mundie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Craig Mundie">Craig Mundie</a>, chief research and strategy officer. Gates' last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. He remains at Microsoft as non-executive chairman.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="direction: ltr; text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;"> [<a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">hide</a>] </span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Early_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Microsoft</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#BASIC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">BASIC</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#IBM_partnership" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">IBM partnership</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Windows" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Windows</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Management_style" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Management style</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Antitrust_litigation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">Antitrust litigation</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Appearance_in_ads" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Appearance in ads</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Post-Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Post-Microsoft</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Personal_life" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Philanthropy" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Philanthropy</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Recognition" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Recognition</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Investments" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Investments</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Bibliography" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Filmography" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Filmography</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#See_also" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Books" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#References" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#Further_reading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#External_links" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life">Early life</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_mugshot.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="174" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bill_Gates_mugshot.png/250px-Bill_Gates_mugshot.png" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="250" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Gates_mugshot.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Bill Gates was photographed by the Albuquerque, New Mexico police in 1977 after a traffic violation (details of which have been lost over time).</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, Washington, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Gates,_Sr." style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="William H. Gates, Sr.">William H. Gates, Sr.</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Maxwell_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mary Maxwell Gates">Mary Maxwell Gates</a>. His parents are of English, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Germans">German</a>, and Scotch-Irish descent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[11]</a></sup> His father was a prominent lawyer, and his mother served on the board of directors for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Interstate_BancSystem" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="First Interstate BancSystem">First Interstate BancSystem</a> and the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Way_of_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United Way of America">United Way</a>. Gates's maternal grandfather was J. W. Maxwell, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_bank#United_States" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="National bank">national bank</a> president. Gates has one elder sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and one younger sister, Libby. He was the fourth of his name in his family, but was known as William Gates III or "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Trey">Trey</a>" because his father had the "II" suffix.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[12]</a></sup> Early on in his life, Gates' parents had a law career in mind for him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[13]</a></sup> When Gates was young, his family regularly attended a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregational_Christian_Churches" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Congregational Christian Churches">Congregational</a> church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Congregational_1_13-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-Congregational_1-13" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Congregational_2_14-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-Congregational_2-14" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Congregational_3_15-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-Congregational_3-15" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[16]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">At 13 he enrolled in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeside_School" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lakeside School">Lakeside School</a>, an exclusive preparatory school.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[17]</a></sup> When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rummage_sale" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rummage sale">rummage sale</a> to buy an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teletype" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Teletype">Teletype</a> Model 33 ASR terminal and a block of computer time on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) computer for the school's students.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[18]</a></sup> Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC_programming_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="BASIC programming language">BASIC</a>, and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tic-tac-toe">tic-tac-toe</a> that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly. When he reflected back on that moment, he said, "There was just something neat about the machine."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dlzsnr_18-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-dlzsnr-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmed_Data_Processor" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Programmed Data Processor">PDP</a> minicomputers. One of these systems was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="PDP-10">PDP-10</a> belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned four Lakeside students—Gates, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Weiland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ric Weiland">Ric Weiland</a>, and Kent Evans—for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Operating system">operating system</a> to obtain free computer time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[20]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">At the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via Teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Source code">source code</a> for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>,<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LISP" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="LISP">LISP</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Machine language">machine language</a>. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when the company went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences, Inc. hired the four Lakeside students to write a payroll program in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. He later stated that "it was hard to tear myself away from a machine at which I could so unambiguously demonstrate success."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-dlzsnr_18-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-dlzsnr-18" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[19]</a></sup> At age 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen, called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traf-O-Data" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Traf-O-Data">Traf-O-Data</a>, to make<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_counter" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Traffic counter">traffic counters</a> based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intel 8008">Intel 8008</a> processor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[21]</a></sup> In early 1973, Bill Gates served as a congressional page in the U.S. House of Representatives.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[22]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAT" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="SAT">SAT</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[23]</a></sup> and enrolled at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_College" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> in the autumn of 1973.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wzxoxv_23-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-wzxoxv-23" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[24]</a></sup>While at Harvard, he met <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ballmer" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Steve Ballmer">Steve Ballmer</a>, who later succeeded Gates as CEO of Microsoft.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In his sophomore year, Gates devised an algorithm for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake_sorting" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pancake sorting">pancake sorting</a> as a solution to one of a series of unsolved problems<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kestenbaum2008_24-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-Kestenbaum2008-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> presented in a<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Combinatorics">combinatorics</a> class by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_R._Lewis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Harry R. Lewis">Harry Lewis</a>, one of his professors. Gates' solution held the record as the fastest version for over thirty years;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kestenbaum2008_24-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-Kestenbaum2008-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[26]</a></sup> its successor is faster by only one percent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Kestenbaum2008_24-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-Kestenbaum2008-24" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[25]</a></sup> His solution was later formalized in a published paper in collaboration with Harvard computer scientist<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christos_Papadimitriou" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Christos Papadimitriou">Christos Papadimitriou</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gatespapadimitriou_26-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-gatespapadimitriou-26" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[27]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lmxgxg_27-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-lmxgxg-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup> and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. Gates remained in contact with Paul Allen, and he joined him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[29]</a></sup> The following year saw the release of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MITS_Altair_8800" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="MITS Altair 8800">MITS Altair 8800</a> based on the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080 CPU</a>, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[30]</a></sup> He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lmxgxg_27-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-lmxgxg-27" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[28]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Microsoft">Microsoft</span></h2><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="History of Microsoft">History of Microsoft</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="BASIC">BASIC</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_8800_Computer.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="180" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Altair_8800_Computer.jpg/200px-Altair_8800_Computer.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Altair_8800_Computer.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>MITS Altair 8800 Computer with 8-inch (200 mm) floppy disk system</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">After reading the January 1975 issue of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Popular Electronics">Popular Electronics</a></i> that demonstrated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_8800" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Altair 8800">Altair 8800</a>, Gates contacted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems">Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems</a>(MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> interpreter for the platform.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keyevents_30-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-keyevents-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup> In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Roberts_(computers)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ed Roberts (computers)">Ed Roberts</a> agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Emulator">emulator</a> that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altair_BASIC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Altair BASIC">Altair BASIC</a>. Paul Allen was hired into MITS,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thocp1_31-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-thocp1-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup>and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership "Micro-Soft" and had their first office located in Albuquerque.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thocp1_31-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-thocp1-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> Within a year, the hyphen was dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name "Microsoft" was registered with the Office of the Secretary of the State of New Mexico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thocp1_31-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-thocp1-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> Gates never returned to Harvard to complete his studies.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Microsoft's BASIC was popular with computer hobbyists, but Gates discovered that a pre-market copy had leaked into the community and was being widely copied and distributed. In February 1976, Gates wrote an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Letter_to_Hobbyists" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Letter to Hobbyists">Open Letter to Hobbyists</a> in the MITS newsletter saying that MITS could not continue to produce, distribute, and maintain high-quality software without payment.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[33]</a></sup> This letter was unpopular with many computer hobbyists, but Gates persisted in his belief that software developers should be able to demand payment. Microsoft became independent of MITS in late 1976, and it continued to develop programming language software for various systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-thocp1_31-3" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-thocp1-31" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[32]</a></sup> The company moved from Albuquerque to its new home in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellevue,_Washington" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bellevue, Washington">Bellevue</a>, Washington on January 1, 1979.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keyevents_30-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-keyevents-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, Gates personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-waterloo_33-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-waterloo-33" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[34]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="IBM_partnership">IBM partnership</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 1980, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a> approached Microsoft to write the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="IBM PC">IBM PC</a>. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Research" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital Research">Digital Research</a> (DRI), makers of the widely used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP/M" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> operating system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[35]</a></sup> IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties during a subsequent meeting with Gates and told him to get an acceptable operating system. A few weeks later Gates proposed using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86-DOS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="86-DOS">86-DOS</a> (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Paterson" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tim Paterson">Tim Paterson</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Computer_Products" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seattle Computer Products">Seattle Computer Products</a> (SCP) had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC-DOS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="IBM PC-DOS">PC-DOS</a> in exchange for a one-time fee of $50,000. Gates did not offer to transfer the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Copyright">copyright</a> on the operating system, because he believed that other hardware vendors would clone IBM's system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[36]</a></sup> They did, and the sales of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> made Microsoft a major player in the industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[37]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington state and made Gates President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-keyevents_30-2" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-keyevents-30" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[31]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Windows">Windows</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Microsoft launched its first retail version of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> on November 20, 1985, and in August, the company struck a deal with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="IBM">IBM</a> to develop a separate operating system called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="OS/2">OS/2</a>. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system, mounting creative differences caused the partnership to deteriorate. It ended in 1991 when Gates led Microsoft to develop a version of OS/2 independently from IBM.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[38]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Management_style">Management style</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it. He gained a reputation for being distant to others; as early as 1981 an industry executive complained in public that "Gates is notorious for not being reachable by phone and for not returning phone calls."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-freiberger19810831_38-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-freiberger19810831-38" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[39]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. Firsthand accounts of these meetings describe him as verbally combative, berating managers for perceived holes in their business strategies or proposals that placed the company's long-term interests at risk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rensin_39-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-rensin-39" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[41]</a></sup> He often interrupted presentations with such comments as, "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-time_GOS_41-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-time_GOS-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup> and, "Why don't you just give up your <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Option_(finance)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Option (finance)">options</a> and join the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Corps" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>?"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[43]</a></sup> The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-time_GOS_41-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-time_GOS-41" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[42]</a></sup> When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, "I'll do it over the weekend."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-chapman_43-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-chapman-43" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[44]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pdc97_44-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-pdc97-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-herbold_45-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-herbold-45" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[46]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates' role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Programming language">programming language</a> products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRS-80_Model_100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="TRS-80 Model 100">TRS-80 Model 100</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-allison1993_46-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-allison1993-46" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[47]</a></sup> but wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-pdc97_44-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-pdc97-44" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[45]</a></sup> On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Ozzie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Ray Ozzie">Ray Ozzie</a> in charge of day-to-day management and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Mundie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Craig Mundie">Craig Mundie</a> in charge of long-term product strategy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mscorpnews_47-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-mscorpnews-47" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[48]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Antitrust_litigation">Antitrust litigation</span></h3><div class="rellink" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Microsoft_antitrust_case" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States Microsoft antitrust case">United States Microsoft antitrust case</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_Microsoft_competition_case" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="European Union Microsoft competition case">European Union Microsoft competition case</a></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billgates.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="163" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Billgates.JPG/220px-Billgates.JPG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billgates.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Bill Gates giving his deposition at Microsoft on August 27, 1998</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Many decisions that led to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_antitrust_law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States antitrust law">antitrust</a> litigation over Microsoft's business practices have had Gates' approval. In the 1998 <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="United States v. Microsoft">United States v. Microsoft</a></i> case, Gates gave deposition testimony that several journalists characterized as evasive. He argued with examiner <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Boies" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="David Boies">David Boies</a> over the contextual meaning of words like "compete", "concerned" and "we".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[49]</a></sup> <i>BusinessWeek</i> reported:</div><blockquote class="toccolours" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; display: table; float: none; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 15px; padding-right: 15px; padding-top: 10px;"><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Early rounds of his deposition show him offering obfuscatory answers and saying 'I don't recall,' so many times that even the presiding judge had to chuckle. Worse, many of the technology chief's denials and pleas of ignorance were directly refuted by prosecutors with snippets of e-mail that Gates both sent and received.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[50]</a></sup></div></blockquote><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates later said he had simply resisted attempts by Boies to mischaracterize his words and actions. As to his demeanor during the deposition, he said, "Did I fence with Boies? ... I plead guilty. Whatever that penalty is should be levied against me: rudeness to Boies in the first degree."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-truth_50-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-truth-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup> Despite Gates's denials, the judge ruled that Microsoft had committed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopolization" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Monopolization">monopolization</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a>, and blocking competition, both in violation of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Sherman Antitrust Act">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-truth_50-1" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-truth-50" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[51]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Appearance_in_ads">Appearance in ads</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates appeared in a series of ads to promote Microsoft in 2008. The first commercial, co-starring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a>, is a 90-second talk between strangers as Seinfeld walks up on a discount shoe store (Shoe Circus) in a mall and notices Gates buying shoes inside. The salesman is trying to sell Mr. Gates shoes that are a size too big. As Gates is buying the shoes, he holds up his discount card, which uses a slightly altered version of his own mugshot of his arrest in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> in 1977 for a traffic violation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[52]</a></sup> As they are walking out of the mall, Seinfeld asks Gates if he has melded his mind to other developers, after getting a yes, he then asks if they are working on a way to make computers edible, again getting a yes. Some say that this is an homage to Seinfeld's own show about "nothing" (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seinfeld" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Seinfeld">Seinfeld</a></i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[53]</a></sup> In a second commercial in the series, Gates and Seinfeld are at the home of an average family trying to fit in with normal people.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Post-Microsoft">Post-Microsoft</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Since leaving Microsoft, Gates continues his philanthropy and, among other projects, purchased the video rights to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_Lectures" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Messenger Lectures">Messenger Lectures</a> series called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Character_of_Physical_Law" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Character of Physical Law">The Character of Physical Law</a></i>, given at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Feynman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> in 1964 and recorded by the BBC. The videos are available online to the public at Microsoft's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Tuva" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Project Tuva">Project Tuva</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[55]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In April 2010, Gates was invited to visit and speak at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> where he asked the students to take on the hard problems of the world in their futures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[57]</a></sup></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_life">Personal life</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_(bilde_01).JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="147" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_01%29.JPG/220px-Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_%28bilde_01%29.JPG" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_og_Melinda_Gates_2009-06-03_(bilde_01).JPG" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Bill and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Melinda Gates">Melinda Gates</a>, June 2009</div></div></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates married Melinda French on January 1, 1994. They have two daughters, Jennifer Katharine (1996) and Phoebe Adele (2002), and one son, Rory John (1999).</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bill Gates' house">The Gates's home</a> is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sheltering" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Earth sheltering">earth-sheltered house</a> in the side of a hill overlooking <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Washington" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lake Washington">Lake Washington</a> in Medina. According to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County,_Washington" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="King County, Washington">King County</a> public records, as of 2006 the total assessed value of the property (land and house) is $125 million, and the annual property tax is $991,000.</div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">His 66,000 sq ft (6,100 m<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup>) estate has a 60-foot (18 m) swimming pool with an underwater music system, as well as a 2,500 sq ft (230 m<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup>) gym and a 1,000 sq ft (93 m<sup style="line-height: 1em;">2</sup>) dining room.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[58]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Also among Gates' private acquisitions is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Leicester" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Codex Leicester">Codex Leicester</a>, a collection of writings by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, which Gates bought for $30.8 million at an auction in 1994.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[59]</a></sup> Gates is also known as an avid reader, and the ceiling of his large home library is engraved with a quotation from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Gatsby" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Great Gatsby">The Great Gatsby</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[60]</a></sup>He also enjoys playing bridge, tennis, and golf.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[61]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[62]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates was number one on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Forbes 400">Forbes 400</a> list from 1993 through to 2007 and number one on <i>Forbes</i> list of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_billionaires" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Lists of billionaires">The World's Richest People</a> from 1995 to 2007 and 2009. In 1999, Gates's wealth briefly surpassed $101 billion, causing the media to call him a "centibillionaire".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[63]</a></sup> Since 2000, the nominal value of his Microsoft holdings has declined due to a fall in Microsoft's stock price after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a> burst and the multi-billion dollar donations he has made to his charitable foundations. In a May 2006 interview, Gates commented that he wished that he were not the richest man in the world because he disliked the attention it brought.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[64]</a></sup> Gates has several investments outside Microsoft, which in 2006 paid him a salary of $616,667 and $350,000 bonus totalling $966,667.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[65]</a></sup> He founded <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Corbis">Corbis</a>, a digital imaging company, in 1989. In 2004 he became a director of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a>, the investment company headed by long-time friend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[66]</a></sup> In March 2010 Bill Gates was bumped down to the second wealthiest man behind <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Slim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carlos Slim">Carlos Slim</a>.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 1.3em; margin-left: 1.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; min-width: 100px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millennium_Development_Goals_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="145" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Millennium_Development_Goals_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg/220px-Millennium_Development_Goals_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.4em; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-top: 3px !important; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; float: right;"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Millennium_Development_Goals_-_World_Economic_Forum_Annual_Meeting_Davos_2008.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; color: #0645ad; display: block; text-decoration: none;" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-color: initial !important; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-top-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-width: initial; display: block; vertical-align: middle;" width="15" /></a></div>Gates (second from right) with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bono">Bono</a>,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Rania_of_Jordan" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Queen Rania of Jordan">Queen Rania of Jordan</a>, Former British Prime Minister <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Brown" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, President <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru_Musa_Yar%27Adua" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Umaru Musa Yar'Adua">Umaru Yar'Adua</a> of Nigeria and other participants in a 'Call to Action on the Millennium Development Goals' during the Annual Meeting 2008 of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davos,_Switzerland" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Davos, Switzerland">Davos, Switzerland</a></div></div></div><div class="rellink" style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: italic; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates began to appreciate the expectations others had of him when public opinion mounted suggesting that he could give more of his wealth to charity. Gates studied the work of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="John D. Rockefeller">John D. Rockefeller</a>, and in 1994 sold some of his Microsoft stock to create the William H. Gates Foundation. In 2000, Gates and his wife combined three family foundations into one to create the charitable <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>, which is the largest transparently operated charitable foundation in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[67]</a></sup> The foundation allows benefactors access to information regarding how its money is being spent, unlike other major charitable organizations such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[68]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[69]</a></sup> The generosity and extensive philanthropy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rockefeller" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> has been credited as a major influence. Gates and his father met with Rockefeller several times, and modeled their giving in part on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_family" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rockefeller family">Rockefeller family</a>'s philanthropic focus, namely those global problems that are ignored by governments and other organizations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bill_foundation_69-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-bill_foundation-69" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[70]</a></sup> As of 2007, Bill and Melinda Gates were the second-most generous philanthropists in America, having given over $28 billion to charity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[71]</a></sup> They plan to eventually give 95% of their wealth to charity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[72]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">The foundation was at the same time criticized because it invests assets that it has not yet distributed with the exclusive goal of maximizing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Return on investment">return on investment</a>. As a result, its investments include companies that have been charged with worsening poverty in the same developing countries where the Foundation is attempting to relieve poverty. These include companies that pollute heavily, and pharmaceutical companies that do not sell into the developing world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[73]</a></sup> In response to press criticism, the foundation announced in 2007 a review of its investments, to assess social responsibility.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[74]</a></sup> It subsequently canceled the review and stood by its policy of investing for maximum return, while using voting rights to influence company practices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[75]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates's wife urged people to learn a lesson from the philanthropic efforts of the Salwen family, which had sold its home and given away half of its value, as detailed in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-75" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[76]</a></sup> Gates and his wife invited Joan Salwen to Seattle to speak about what the family had done, and on December 9, 2010, Gates, investor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (Facebook's CEO) signed a promise they called the "Gates-Buffet <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giving_Pledge" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Giving Pledge">Giving Pledge</a>", in which they promised to donate to charity at least half of their wealth over the course of time.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-76" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[77]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-77" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[78]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-78" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[79]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Recognition">Recognition</span></h3><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 1987, Gates was officially declared a billionaire in the pages of Forbes' 400 Richest People in America issue, just days before his 32nd birthday. As the world's youngest self-made billionaire, he was worth $1.25 billion, over $900 million more than he'd been worth the year before, when he'd debuted on the list.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-79" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[80]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;"><i>Time</i> magazine named Gates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century#The_only_people_to_shape_both_the_20th_century_and_the_early_21st" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th century</a>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_100" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Time 100">one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005, and 2006</a>. <i>Time</i> also collectively named Gates, his wife Melinda and U2's lead singer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bono" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bono">Bono</a> as the 2005 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Person of the Year">Persons of the Year</a> for their humanitarian efforts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-80" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[81]</a></sup> In 2006, he was voted eighth in the list of "Heroes of our time".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[82]</a></sup> Gates was listed in the <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_(UK)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">Sunday Times</a></i> power list in 1999, named CEO of the year by <i>Chief Executive Officers magazine</i> in 1994, ranked number one in the "Top 50 Cyber Elite" by <i>Time</i> in 1998, ranked number two in the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Upside (magazine)">Upside</a></i> Elite 100 in 1999 and was included in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> as one of the "Top 100 influential people in media" in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-82" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[83]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 1994, he was honoured as the twentieth <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFBCS" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="DFBCS">Distinguished Fellow</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Computer_Society" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="British Computer Society">British Computer Society</a>. Gates has received honorary doctorates from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyenrode_Business_Universiteit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Nyenrode Business Universiteit">Nyenrode Business Universiteit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breukelen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Breukelen">Breukelen</a>, The Netherlands, in 2000;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-83" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[84]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Royal Institute of Technology">Royal Institute of Technology</a>, Stockholm, Sweden, in 2002; invited in 2003 to deliver the keynote address <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-84" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[85]</a></sup> of the Golden Jubilee of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Indian Institute of Technology">Indian Institute of Technology</a>,held in San Jose, California;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-85" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[86]</a></sup> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waseda_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Waseda University">Waseda University</a>, Tokyo, Japan, in 2005; <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsinghua_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, Beijing, China, in April 2007;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-86" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[87]</a></sup> Harvard University in June 2007;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-87" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[88]</a></sup> the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karolinska_Institutet" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Karolinska Institutet">Karolinska Institutet</a>, Stockholm, in January 2008,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[89]</a></sup> and Cambridge University in June 2009.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-89" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[90]</a></sup> He was also made an honorary trustee of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_University" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> in 2007.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[91]</a></sup> Gates was also made an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_honours_system#Honorary_awards" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="British honours system">honorary</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (KBE) by <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in 2005,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[92]</a></sup> in addition to having <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Entomology">entomologists</a> name the Bill Gates flower fly, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_flower_fly" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Bill Gates' flower fly">Eristalis gatesi</a></i>, in his honor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[93]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In November 2006, he and his wife were awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Aztec_Eagle" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Order of the Aztec Eagle">Order of the Aztec Eagle</a> for their philanthropic work around the world in the areas of health and education, particularly in Mexico, and specifically in the program "<i>Un país de lectores"</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[94]</a></sup> In October 2009, it was announced that Gates will be awarded the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">2010 Bower Award</a> for Business Leadership of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Franklin Institute">The Franklin Institute</a> for his achievements in business and for his philanthropic work. In 2010 he was honored with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Buffalo_Award" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Silver Buffalo Award">Silver Buffalo Award</a> by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scouts of America</a>, its highest award for adults, for his service to youth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SB2010_94-0" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-SB2010-94" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[95]</a></sup></div><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">In 2011, Bill Gates was ranked as the fifth most powerful person in the world, according to rankings by Forbes magazine. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[96]</a></sup></div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Investments">Investments</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Investment" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Cascade Investment">Cascade Investments LLC</a>, a private investment and holding company, incorporated in United States, is controlled by Bill Gates, and is headquartered in the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkland,_Washington" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Kirkland, Washington">Kirkland, Washington</a>.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BgC3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="BgC3">bgC3</a>, a new think-tank company founded by Bill Gates.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbis" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Corbis">Corbis</a>, a digital image licensing and rights services company.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TerraPower" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="TerraPower">TerraPower</a>, a nuclear reactor design company.</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates has authored two books:</div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Road_Ahead" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Road Ahead">The Road Ahead</a></i> (1995)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_@_the_Speed_of_Thought" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Business @ the Speed of Thought">Business @ the Speed of Thought</a></i> (1999)</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Filmography">Filmography</span></h2><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates has appeared in at least one film:</div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiting_For_Superman" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Waiting For Superman">Waiting For Superman</a></i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_note-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[97]</a></sup></li>
</ul><div style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.4em;">Gates was prominently featured in a film about the history of the personal computing industry:</div><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Pirates of Silicon Valley">Pirates of Silicon Valley</a></i> – a 1999 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TNT_(TV_channel)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="TNT (TV channel)">TNT</a> film which chronicles the rise of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> from the early 1970s to 1997. He was portrayed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Michael_Hall" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Anthony Michael Hall">Anthony Michael Hall</a>.</li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_billionaires" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of billionaires">List of billionaires</a> (also see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_college_dropout_billionaires" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of college dropout billionaires">List of college dropout billionaires</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wealthiest_non-inflated_historical_figures" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of wealthiest non-inflated historical figures">List of wealthiest non-inflated historical figures</a>)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Allen" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Paul Allen">Paul Allen</a> – Microsoft's co-founder, friend, and fellow billionaire</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kildall" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Gary Kildall">Gary Kildall</a> (October 25, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_43/b3905109_mz063.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates"</a>. <i>Bloomberg BusinessWeek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Could+Have+Been+Bill+Gates&rft.atitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.aulast=%5B%5BGary+Kildall%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BGary+Kildall%5D%5D&rft.date=October+25%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fmagazine%2Fcontent%2F04_43%2Fb3905109_mz063.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
</ul><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 17px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h3><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fridson, Martin (2001). <i>How to be a Billionaire: Proven Strategies from the Titans of Wealth</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471416177" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0471416177">0471416177</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+be+a+Billionaire%3A+Proven+Strategies+from+the+Titans+of+Wealth&rft.aulast=Fridson&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Fridson%2C%26%2332%3BMartin&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=%5B%5BJohn+Wiley+%26+Sons%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0471416177&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gates, Bill (1996). <i>The Road Ahead</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140260404" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0140260404">0140260404</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+Ahead&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Gates%2C%26%2332%3BBill&rft.date=1996&rft.pub=%5B%5BPenguin+Books%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0140260404&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Lesinski, Jeanne M. (2006). <i>Bill Gates (Biography (a & E))</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%26E_Television_Networks" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="A&E Television Networks">A&E Television Networks</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0822570270" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0822570270">0822570270</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates+%28Biography+%28a+%26+E%29%29&rft.aulast=Lesinski&rft.aufirst=Jeanne+M.&rft.au=Lesinski%2C%26%2332%3BJeanne+M.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BA%26E+Television+Networks%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0822570270&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Manes, Stephen (1994). <i>Gates: How Microsoft's Mogul Reinvented an Industry and Made Himself The Richest Man in America</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchstone_Pictures" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Touchstone Pictures">Touchstone Pictures</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671880748" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0671880748">0671880748</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gates%3A+How+Microsoft%27s+Mogul+Reinvented+an+Industry+and+Made+Himself+The+Richest+Man+in+America&rft.aulast=Manes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Manes%2C%26%2332%3BStephen&rft.date=1994&rft.pub=%5B%5BTouchstone+Pictures%5D%5D&rft.isbn=0671880748&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wallace, James (1993). <i>Hard Drive: Bill Gates and the Making of the Microsoft Empire</i>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471568864" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0471568864">0471568864</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hard+Drive%3A+Bill+Gates+and+the+Making+of+the+Microsoft+Empire&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Wallace%2C%26%2332%3BJames&rft.date=1993&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.isbn=0471568864&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span></h2><div class="reflist references-column-width" style="-webkit-column-width: 30em; background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; list-style-type: decimal;"><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates topic page.</a> Forbes.com. Retrieved September 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/435/000022369/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates"</a>. Nndb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 11, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Nndb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndb.com%2Fpeople%2F435%2F000022369%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://archive.theamericanview.com/index.php?id=649" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Warren Buffett “Agnostic,” Bill Gates Rejects Sermon On The Mount, Not “Huge Believer” In “Specific Elements” Of Christianity"</a>. Archive.theamericanview.com. 1996-01-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 2011-10-24</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Warren+Buffett+%E2%80%9CAgnostic%2C%E2%80%9D+Bill+Gates+Rejects+Sermon+On+The+Mount%2C+Not+%E2%80%9CHuge+Believer%E2%80%9D+In+%E2%80%9CSpecific+Elements%E2%80%9D+Of+Christianity&rft.atitle=&rft.date=1996-01-13&rft.pub=Archive.theamericanview.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.theamericanview.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D649&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 11)</li>
<li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Wahba, Phil (September 17, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssTechMediaTelecomNews/idUSN1748882920080917" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates tops U.S. wealth list 15 years in a row"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved November 6, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates+tops+U.S.+wealth+list+15+years+in+a+row&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Wahba&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.au=Wahba%2C%26%2332%3BPhil&rft.date=September+17%2C+2008&rft.series=Reuters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FrbssTechMediaTelecomNews%2FidUSN1748882920080917&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[1]</a> Forbes.com. Retrieved April 2010.</li>
<li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-6" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Gates regularly documents his share ownership through public U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Form 4">form 4</a>filings. <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/asp/holdings.asp?symbol=MSFT&selected=MSFT&FormType=form4" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[2]</a><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/msft" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">[3]</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-7" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 459)</li>
<li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-8" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFLesinski2006" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lesinski 2006</a>, p. 96)</li>
<li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-9" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wargs.com/other/gates.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Ancestry of Bill Gates"</a>. Wargs.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Ancestry+of+Bill+Gates&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Wargs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wargs.com%2Fother%2Fgates.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-10" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.albawest.com/scottish-americans.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Scottish Americans"</a>. albawest.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 29, 2009</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Scottish+Americans&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=albawest.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albawest.com%2Fscottish-americans.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-11" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 15)</li>
<li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-12" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 47)</li>
<li id="cite_note-Congregational_1-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-Congregational_1_13-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Jeanne M. Lesinski (September 1, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ubYgIB0TgUYC&pg=PA12&dq=Bill+Gates+Congregationalist#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Bill Gates: Entrepreneur and Philanthropist</i></a>. Twenty First Century Books. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580135702" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781580135702">9781580135702</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2011</span>. "The Gates family regularly went to services at the University Congregational Church."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates%3A+Entrepreneur+and+Philanthropist&rft.aulast=Jeanne+M.+Lesinski&rft.au=Jeanne+M.+Lesinski&rft.date=September+1%2C+2008&rft.pub=Twenty+First+Century+Books&rft.isbn=9781580135702&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DubYgIB0TgUYC%26pg%3DPA12%26dq%3DBill%2BGates%2BCongregationalist%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Congregational_2-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-Congregational_2_14-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Janet Lowe (January 5, 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=LUwu-DTwa5cC&pg=PA3&dq=Congregationalist++bill+gates#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Bill Gates Speaks: Insight from the World's Greatest Entrepreneur</i></a>. Wiley.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471401698" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780471401698">9780471401698</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2011</span>. "The Gates family attended the University Congregational Church, where the Reverend Dale Turner was pastor."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates+Speaks%3A+Insight+from+the+World%27s+Greatest+Entrepreneur&rft.aulast=Janet+Lowe&rft.au=Janet+Lowe&rft.date=January+5%2C+2001&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=9780471401698&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DLUwu-DTwa5cC%26pg%3DPA3%26dq%3DCongregationalist%2B%2Bbill%2Bgates%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-Congregational_3-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-Congregational_3_15-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_D._Berkowitz" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Edward D. Berkowitz">Edward D. Berkowitz</a> (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=tsl3EVBtdxcC&pg=PA228&dq=Congregationalist++bill+gates#v=onepage&q&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Something Happened: A Political and Cultural Overview of the Seventies</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231124942" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780231124942">9780231124942</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 10, 2011</span>. "Bill Gates was a member of the baby boom, born in 1955 into an upper-middle-class family near Seattle." He attended the Congregational Church, participated in the Boy Scouts, and went to a fancy private school."</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+Happened%3A+A+Political+and+Cultural+Overview+of+the+Seventies&rft.aulast=%5B%5BEdward+D.+Berkowitz%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BEdward+D.+Berkowitz%5D%5D&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BColumbia+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9780231124942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dtsl3EVBtdxcC%26pg%3DPA228%26dq%3DCongregationalist%2B%2Bbill%2Bgates%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-16" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 24)</li>
<li id="cite_note-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-17" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 27)</li>
<li id="cite_note-dlzsnr-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-dlzsnr_18-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-dlzsnr_18-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFGates1996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gates 1996</a>, p. 12)</li>
<li id="cite_note-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-19" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 34)</li>
<li id="cite_note-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-20" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFGates1996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gates 1996</a>, p. 14)</li>
<li id="cite_note-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-21" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ushpaa.org/history.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Congressional Page History"</a>, The United States House Page Association of America. "The Page Program has produced many politicians, Members of Congress, as well as other famous men and women. Some of these include: the Honorable John Dingell, the longest serving Member of Congress, Bill Gates, founder and CEO of the Microsoft Corporation, and Donnald K. Anderson, former Clerk of the House."</li>
<li id="cite_note-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-22" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060510205250/http://theweekmagazine.com/article.aspx?id=803" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The new—and improved?—SAT"</a>. <i>The Week Magazine</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://theweekmagazine.com/article.aspx?id=803" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on May 10, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved May 23, 2006</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+new%E2%80%94and+improved%3F%E2%80%94SAT&rft.atitle=The+Week+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20060510205250%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Ftheweekmagazine.com%2Farticle.aspx%3Fid%3D803&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-wzxoxv-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-wzxoxv_23-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFGates1996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gates 1996</a>, p. 15)</li>
<li id="cite_note-Kestenbaum2008-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-Kestenbaum2008_24-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-Kestenbaum2008_24-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-Kestenbaum2008_24-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Kestenbaum, David (July 4, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=92236781" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Before Microsoft, Gates Solved A Pancake Problem"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Before+Microsoft%2C+Gates+Solved+A+Pancake+Problem&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Kestenbaum&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kestenbaum%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=July+4%2C+2008&rft.pub=%5B%5BNational+Public+Radio%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D92236781&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-25" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.utdallas.edu/news/2008/09/17-002.php" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"UT Dallas Team Bests Young Bill Gates With Improved Answer to So-Called Pancake Problem in Mathematics"</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Dallas" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="University of Texas at Dallas">University of Texas at Dallas</a>. September 17, 2008.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=UT+Dallas+Team+Bests+Young+Bill+Gates+With+Improved+Answer+to+So-Called+Pancake+Problem+in+Mathematics&rft.atitle=&rft.date=September+17%2C+2008&rft.pub=%5B%5BUniversity+of+Texas+at+Dallas%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utdallas.edu%2Fnews%2F2008%2F09%2F17-002.php&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-gatespapadimitriou-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-gatespapadimitriou_26-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gates, William; Papadimitriou, Christos (1979). "Bounds for sorting by prefix reversal". <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></i> <b>27</b>: 47–57.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0012-365X%2879%2990068-2" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1016/0012-365X(79)90068-2</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bounds+for+sorting+by+prefix+reversal&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BDiscrete+mathematics%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Gates%2C%26%2332%3BWilliam&rft.au=Papadimitriou%2C%26%2332%3BChristos&rft.date=1979&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=47%E2%80%9357&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0012-365X%2879%2990068-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-lmxgxg-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-lmxgxg_27-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-lmxgxg_27-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFGates1996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gates 1996</a>, p. 19)</li>
<li id="cite_note-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-28" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFWallace199359" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Wallace & 1993 59</a>)</li>
<li id="cite_note-29" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-29" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFGates1996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gates 1996</a>, p. 18)</li>
<li id="cite_note-keyevents-30" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-keyevents_30-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-keyevents_30-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-keyevents_30-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">(.DOC) <a class="external text" href="http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/3/0/130dd86a-a196-4700-b577-521c4cf5cec1/key_events_in_microsoft_history.doc" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Microsoft Visitor Center Student Information: Key Events in Microsoft History</i></a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 18, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Visitor+Center+Student+Information%3A+Key+Events+in+Microsoft+History&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.microsoft.com%2Fdownload%2F1%2F3%2F0%2F130dd86a-a196-4700-b577-521c4cf5cec1%2Fkey_events_in_microsoft_history.doc&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-thocp1-31" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-thocp1_31-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-thocp1_31-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-thocp1_31-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-thocp1_31-3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thocp.net/companies/microsoft/microsoft_company.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Microsoft history"</a>. The History of Computing Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microsoft+history&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=The+History+of+Computing+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thocp.net%2Fcompanies%2Fmicrosoft%2Fmicrosoft_company.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-32" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-32" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 81)</li>
<li id="cite_note-waterloo-33" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-waterloo_33-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation speech" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gates, Bill (October 13, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/2005/10-13Waterloo.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Remarks by Bill Gates</i></a>(Speech). Waterloo, Ontario<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+Bill+Gates&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Gates%2C%26%2332%3BBill&rft.date=October+13%2C+2005&rft.place=Waterloo%2C+Ontario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fexec%2Fbillg%2Fspeeches%2F2005%2F10-13Waterloo.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-34" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-34" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Maiello, John Steele Gordon Michael (December 23, 2002).<a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2002/1223/258_print.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Pioneers Die Broke"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pioneers+Die+Broke&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.aulast=Maiello%2C+John+Steele+Gordon+Michael&rft.au=Maiello%2C+John+Steele+Gordon+Michael&rft.date=December+23%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fforbes%2F2002%2F1223%2F258_print.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-35" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-35" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFGates1996" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Gates 1996</a>, p. 54)</li>
<li id="cite_note-36" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-36" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFManes1994" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Manes 1994</a>, p. 193)</li>
<li id="cite_note-37" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-37" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://groklaw.net/pdf/iowa/www.iowaconsumercase.org/011607/0000/PX00738.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;">"Challenges and Strategy"</a> (PDF). <i>Groklaw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved 17 Nov. 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Challenges+and+Strategy&rft.atitle=Groklaw&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroklaw.net%2Fpdf%2Fiowa%2Fwww.iowaconsumercase.org%2F011607%2F0000%2FPX00738.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-freiberger19810831-38" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-freiberger19810831_38-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Freiberger, Paul (August 31, 1981). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rD0EAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA44&dq=%22radio%20shack%22%20%22model%20i%22&pg=PA49#v=onepage&q=%22radio%20shack%22%20%22model%20i%22&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bugs in Radio Shack TRS-80 Model III: How Bad Are They?"</a>. InfoWorld. p. 49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 28, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bugs+in+Radio+Shack+TRS-80+Model+III%3A+How+Bad+Are+They%3F&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Freiberger%2C+Paul&rft.au=Freiberger%2C+Paul&rft.date=August+31%2C+1981&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B49&rft.pub=InfoWorld&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrD0EAAAAMBAJ%26lpg%3DPA44%26dq%3D%2522radio%2520shack%2522%2520%2522model%2520i%2522%26pg%3DPA49%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522radio%2520shack%2522%2520%2522model%2520i%2522%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-rensin-39" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-rensin_39-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rensin, David (1994). "The Bill Gates Interview". <i>Playboy</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Bill+Gates+Interview&rft.jtitle=Playboy&rft.aulast=Rensin&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Rensin%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-40" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-40" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Ballmer, Steve (October 9, 1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/steve/churchillclub.mspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Steve Ballmer Speech Transcript — Church Hill Club"</a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Steve+Ballmer+Speech+Transcript%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Church+Hill+Club&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Ballmer&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Ballmer%2C%26%2332%3BSteve&rft.date=October+9%2C+1997&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fexec%2Fsteve%2Fchurchillclub.mspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-time_GOS-41" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-time_GOS_41-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-time_GOS_41-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Isaacson, Walter (January 13, 1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/gates/gates5.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Gates Operating System"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Gates+Operating+System&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Isaacson%2C%26%2332%3BWalter&rft.date=January+13%2C+1997&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fgates%2Fgates5.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-42" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-42" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bank, David (February 1, 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www.breakingwindows.net/1link3.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Breaking Windows"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Breaking+Windows&rft.atitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.aulast=Bank%2C+David&rft.au=Bank%2C+David&rft.date=February+1%2C+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.breakingwindows.net%2F1link3.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-chapman-43" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-chapman_43-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Chapman, Glenn (June 27, 2008). <a class="external text" href="http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5i8aV1bK5vmwLaw9wYr9nY5bFc4YA" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates Signs Off"</a>. Agence France-Presse.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates+Signs+Off&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=Chapman%2C%26%2332%3BGlenn&rft.date=June+27%2C+2008&rft.series=Agence+France-Presse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafp.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5i8aV1bK5vmwLaw9wYr9nY5bFc4YA&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-pdc97-44" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-pdc97_44-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-pdc97_44-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation speech" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Gates, Bill (September 26, 1997). <a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/speeches/1997/pdc.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;"><i>Remarks by Bill Gates</i></a> (Speech). San Diego<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+by+Bill+Gates&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Gates%2C%26%2332%3BBill&rft.date=September+26%2C+1997&rft.place=San+Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fexec%2Fbillg%2Fspeeches%2F1997%2Fpdc.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-herbold-45" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-herbold_45-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Herbold, Robert (2004). <i>The Fiefdom Syndrome: The Turf Battles That Undermine Careers and Companies – And How to Overcome Them</i>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385510675" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0385510675">0385510675</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fiefdom+Syndrome%3A+The+Turf+Battles+That+Undermine+Careers+and+Companies%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+And+How+to+Overcome+Them&rft.aulast=Herbold&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Herbold%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0385510675&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-allison1993-46" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-allison1993_46-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Allison, David (interviewer). <a class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/gates.htm#tc35" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates Interview"</a>. National Museum of American History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 7, 2011</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates+Interview&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=David+%28interviewer%29&rft.au=Allison%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+%28interviewer%29&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+American+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcollections%2Fcomphist%2Fgates.htm%23tc35&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-mscorpnews-47" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-mscorpnews_47-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/jun06/06-15CorpNewsPR.mspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Microsoft Announces Plans for July 2008 Transition for Bill Gates"</a>. Microsoft. June 15, 2006.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Announces+Plans+for+July+2008+Transition+for+Bill+Gates&rft.atitle=&rft.date=June+15%2C+2006&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fpress%2F2006%2Fjun06%2F06-15CorpNewsPR.mspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-48" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-48" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/TECH/computing/9811/17/judgelaugh.ms.idg/index.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Gates deposition makes judge laugh in court"</a>. CNN. November 17, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gates+deposition+makes+judge+laugh+in+court&rft.atitle=&rft.date=November+17%2C+1998&rft.pub=CNN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FTECH%2Fcomputing%2F9811%2F17%2Fjudgelaugh.ms.idg%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-49" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-49" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/1998/48/b3606125.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Microsoft's Teflon Bill"</a>. <i>BusinessWeek</i>. November 30, 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microsoft%27s+Teflon+Bill&rft.atitle=BusinessWeek&rft.date=November+30%2C+1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2F1998%2F48%2Fb3606125.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-truth-50" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-truth_50-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-truth_50-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><sup style="line-height: 1em;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Heilemann, John (November 1, 2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.11/microsoft_pr.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing But The Truth"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> <b>46</b> (8): 833.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11517-008-0355-6" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">10.1007/s11517-008-0355-6</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18509686" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">18509686</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Truth%2C+The+Whole+Truth%2C+and+Nothing+But+The+Truth&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWired+%28magazine%29%7CWired%5D%5D&rft.aulast=Heilemann&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Heilemann%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=November+1%2C+2000&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=833&rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11517-008-0355-6&rft_id=info:pmid/18509686&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F8.11%2Fmicrosoft_pr.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-51" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-51" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/mugshots/gatesmug1.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Smoking Gun mugshots"</a>. Thesmokinggun.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Smoking+Gun+mugshots&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Thesmokinggun.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesmokinggun.com%2Fmugshots%2Fgatesmug1.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-52" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-52" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://adblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2008/09/08/1362333.aspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"MSNBC adblog site"</a>. Adblog.msnbc.msn.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=MSNBC+adblog+site&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Adblog.msnbc.msn.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadblog.msnbc.msn.com%2Farchive%2F2008%2F09%2F08%2F1362333.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-53" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-53" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fried, Ina (July 14, 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10286732-56.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"CNET Project Tuva"</a>. News.cnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=CNET+Project+Tuva&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Ina&rft.au=Fried%2C%26%2332%3BIna&rft.date=July+14%2C+2009&rft.pub=News.cnet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-13860_3-10286732-56.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-54" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-54" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.softpedia.com/news/Access-Project-Tuva-for-Free-Courtesy-of-Bill-Gates-116778.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Softpedia"</a>. News.softpedia.com. July 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Softpedia&rft.atitle=&rft.date=July+20%2C+2009&rft.pub=News.softpedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.softpedia.com%2Fnews%2FAccess-Project-Tuva-for-Free-Courtesy-of-Bill-Gates-116778.shtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-55" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-55" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Guo, Jeff; McQueen, Rob, <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V130/N21/gates.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Gates asks students to tackle world’s problems : Disease and education among biggest challenges"</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tech_(newspaper)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Tech (newspaper)">The Tech</a></i>, Volume 130, Issue 21, Friday, April 23, 2010</li>
<li id="cite_note-56" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-56" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> Guo, Jeff, <a class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/V130/N21/gates/interview.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"In interview, Gates describes philanthropic journey"</a>, <i>The Tech</i>, Volume 130, Issue 21, April 23, 2010. (video & transcript). "After he spoke at Kresge Auditorium, Bill Gates sat down with The Tech to talk more about his college tour, his philanthropy, and the philosophy behind it."</li>
<li id="cite_note-57" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-57" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/11/billionaire-homes-expensive-billionaires-2009-lifestyle-real-estate-homes_3.html?thisSpeed=30000" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"coverage of the Gates' Medina, Washington estate"</a>.<i>Forbes</i>. May 22, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved June 9, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=coverage+of+the+Gates%27+Medina%2C+Washington+estate&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.date=May+22%2C+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F11%2Fbillionaire-homes-expensive-billionaires-2009-lifestyle-real-estate-homes_3.html%3FthisSpeed%3D30000&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-58" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-58" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFLesinski2006" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Lesinski 2006</a>, p. 74)</li>
<li id="cite_note-59" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-59" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Paterson, Thane (June 13, 2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/june2000/nf00613b.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Advice for Bill Gates: A Little Culture Wouldn't Hurt"</a>. <i>Business Week</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 28, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Advice+for+Bill+Gates%3A+A+Little+Culture+Wouldn%27t+Hurt&rft.jtitle=Business+Week&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Thane&rft.au=Paterson%2C%26%2332%3BThane&rft.date=June+13%2C+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fbwdaily%2Fdnflash%2Fjune2000%2Fnf00613b.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-60" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-60" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/default.aspx?tab=biography" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates: Chairman"</a>. Microsoft Corporation. 2008.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates%3A+Chairman&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fexec%2Fbillg%2Fdefault.aspx%3Ftab%3Dbiography&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-61" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-61" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3428721.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Profile: Bill Gates"</a>. BBC news. January 26, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved January 1, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Profile%3A+Bill+Gates&rft.atitle=&rft.date=January+26%2C+2004&rft.pub=BBC+news&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3428721.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-62" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-62" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#CITEREFFridson2001" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">Fridson 2001</a>, p. 113)</li>
<li id="cite_note-63" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-63" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bolger, Joe (May 5, 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/markets/united_states/article713434.ece" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"I wish I was not the richest man in the world, says Bill Gates"</a>. <i>The Times</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=I+wish+I+was+not+the+richest+man+in+the+world%2C+says+Bill+Gates&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.aulast=Bolger&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=Bolger%2C%26%2332%3BJoe&rft.date=May+5%2C+2006&rft.place=UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fbusiness%2Fmarkets%2Funited_states%2Farticle713434.ece&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-64" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-64" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/msft/reports/proxy2006.mspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Microsoft 2006 Proxy Statement"</a>. Microsoft. October 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 14, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Microsoft+2006+Proxy+Statement&rft.atitle=&rft.date=October+6%2C+2007&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fmsft%2Freports%2Fproxy2006.mspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-65" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-65" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Fried, Ina (December 14, 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.news.com/Gates-joins-board-of-Buffetts-Berkshire-Hathaway/2100-1014_3-5491312.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Gates joins board of Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway"</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="CNET">CNET</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 31, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Gates+joins+board+of+Buffett%27s+Berkshire+Hathaway&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Fried&rft.aufirst=Ina&rft.au=Fried%2C%26%2332%3BIna&rft.date=December+14%2C+2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BCNET%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news.com%2FGates-joins-board-of-Buffetts-Berkshire-Hathaway%2F2100-1014_3-5491312.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-66" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-66" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/business/displaystory.cfm?story_id=6919139" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Flat-pack accounting"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. May 11, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 1, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Flat-pack+accounting&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.date=May+11%2C+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D6919139&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-67" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-67" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Cronin, Jon (January 25, 2005). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3913581.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates: billionaire philanthropist"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 1, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates%3A+billionaire+philanthropist&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Cronin%2C+Jon&rft.au=Cronin%2C+Jon&rft.date=January+25%2C+2005&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F3913581.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-68" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-68" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080404212231/http://www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/OurWork/OurApproach/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Our Approach to Giving"</a>. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/AboutUs/OurWork/OurApproach/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">the original</a> on April 4, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 1, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Our+Approach+to+Giving&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Bill+%26+Melinda+Gates+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080404212231%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatesfoundation.org%2FAboutUs%2FOurWork%2FOurApproach%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-bill_foundation-69" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-bill_foundation_69-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">(PDF) <a class="external text" href="http://www.rbf.org/usr_doc/2005_Annual_Review.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 18px; text-decoration: none;"><i>2005 Annual Report</i></a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockefeller_Brothers_Fund" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Rockefeller Brothers Fund">Rockefeller Brothers Fund</a>. January 1, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 14, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2005+Annual+Report&rft.date=January+1%2C+2006&rft.pub=%5B%5BRockefeller+Brothers+Fund%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbf.org%2Fusr_doc%2F2005_Annual_Review.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-70" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-70" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://bwnt.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/philanthropy_individual/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The 50 most generous Americans</a>.</li>
<li id="cite_note-71" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-71" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11565953" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill and Melinda Gates give 95% of wealth to charity</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-72" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-72" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-gatesx07jan07,0,6827615.story" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Dark cloud over good works of Gates Foundation</a>, <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, January 7, 2006.</li>
<li id="cite_note-73" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-73" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003517601_gatesinvest10.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Gates Foundation to review investments</a>, The Seattle Times, January 10, 2007.</li>
<li id="cite_note-74" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-74" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://www.statesman.com/news/content/news/stories/nation/01/14/14gates.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Gates Foundation to maintain its investment plan</a>, <i>The Austin Statesman</i>, January 14, 2007.</li>
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<li id="cite_note-90" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-90" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Blakely, Rhys (July 18, 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/technology/article2098235.ece" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Gates how piracy worked for me in China"</a>. <i>The Times</i> (London)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved April 26, 2010</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Gates+how+piracy+worked+for+me+in+China&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.aulast=Blakely&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft.au=Blakely%2C%26%2332%3BRhys&rft.date=July+18%2C+2007&rft.place=London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fbusiness%2Findustry_sectors%2Ftechnology%2Farticle2098235.ece&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-91" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-91" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation news" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3428673.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Knighthood for Microsoft's Gates"</a>. BBC News. March 2, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 18, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Knighthood+for+Microsoft%27s+Gates&rft.atitle=&rft.date=March+2%2C+2005&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F3428673.stm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-92" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-92" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Thompson, F. Christian (August 19, 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/syrphid/gates.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Bill Gates' Flower Fly <i>Eristalis gatesi</i> Thompson"</a>. The Diptera Site<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved February 18, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Bill+Gates%27+Flower+Fly+%27%27Eristalis+gatesi%27%27+Thompson&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Thompson%2C+F.+Christian&rft.au=Thompson%2C+F.+Christian&rft.date=August+19%2C+1999&rft.pub=The+Diptera+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sel.barc.usda.gov%2FDiptera%2Fsyrphid%2Fgates.htm&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-93" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-93" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation web" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://diariooficial.segob.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=4936346" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"Proclamation of the Award"</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diario_Oficial_de_la_Federaci%C3%B3n" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Diario Oficial de la Federación">Diario Oficial de la Federación</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved March 30, 2008</span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Proclamation+of+the+Award&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=%5B%5BDiario+Oficial+de+la+Federaci%C3%B3n%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiariooficial.segob.gob.mx%2Fnota_detalle.php%3Fcodigo%3D4936346&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-SB2010-94" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-SB2010_94-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;">"2010 Silver Buffalo Recipients". <i>Scouting</i> (September–October 2010): 39.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=2010+Silver+Buffalo+Recipients&rft.jtitle=Scouting&rft.issue=September%E2%80%93October+2010&rft.pages=39&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li id="cite_note-95" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-95" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external free" href="http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#p_1_s_a0_All%20countries_All%20categories_" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">http://www.forbes.com/powerful-people/#p_1_s_a0_All%20countries_All%20categories_</a></li>
<li id="cite_note-96" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#cite_ref-96" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">^</a></b> <a class="external text" href="http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory?id=9644610" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates Goes to Sundance, Offers an Education</a>, ABC News, January 23, 2010</li>
</ol></div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11622119" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"The Meaning of Bill Gates: As his reign at Microsoft comes to an end, so does the era he dominated"</a>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>, June 28, 2008.</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Rivlin, Gary (1999). <i>The plot to get Bill Gates: an irreverent investigation of the world's richest man...and the people who hate him</i>. New York: Times Business. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3006-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8129-3006-1">0-8129-3006-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+plot+to+get+Bill+Gates%3A+an+irreverent+investigation+of+the+world%27s+richest+man...and+the+people+who+hate+him&rft.aulast=Rivlin&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Rivlin%2C%26%2332%3BGary&rft.date=1999&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Times+Business&rft.isbn=0-8129-3006-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation Journal" style="word-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.12/microsoft.html" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">"83 Reasons Why Bill Gates's Reign Is Over"</a>. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i> (Wired) <b>6</b> (12). December 1998.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=83+Reasons+Why+Bill+Gates%27s+Reign+Is+Over&rft.jtitle=%5B%5BWired+%28magazine%29%7CWired%5D%5D&rft.date=December+1998&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=12&rft.pub=Wired&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fwired%2Farchive%2F6.12%2Fmicrosoft.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="citation book" style="word-wrap: break-word;">Bank, David (2001). <i>Breaking Windows: how Bill Gates fumbled the future of Microsoft</i>. New York: Free Press. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0315-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0315-1">0-7432-0315-1</a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+Windows%3A+how+Bill+Gates+fumbled+the+future+of+Microsoft&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Bank%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=2001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.isbn=0-7432-0315-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Bill_Gates"></span></li>
</ul><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><div class="noprint tright portal" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em;"><table style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f9f9f9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 11px; line-height: 12px; max-width: 175px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_vip.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Portal icon" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
<tr valign="middle"><td style="text-align: center;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M_in_Blue.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Portal icon" height="28" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/M_in_Blue.svg/28px-M_in_Blue.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="28" /></a></td><td style="padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: middle;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Portal:Microsoft">Microsoft portal</a></b></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 4px; width: 238px;"><tbody>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="margin-bottom: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: auto; text-align: center;">Find more about <b>Bill Gates</b> on Wikipedia's<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wiktionary"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="23" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Commons"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="18" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Images and media</a> from Commons</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiversity"><img alt="" height="23" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Learning resources</a> from Wikiversity</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikinews"><img alt="" height="14" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">News stories</a> from Wikinews</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikiquote"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikisource"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="24" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Source texts</a> from Wikisource</td></tr>
<tr><td><a href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="" height="25" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></a></td><td><a class="external text" href="http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bill_Gates" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</td></tr>
</tbody></table><ul style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; list-style-image: url(data:image/png; list-style-type: square; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.thegatesnotes.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">The Gates Notes</a> <i>official site</i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.gatesfoundation.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/exec/billg/bio.mspx" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Profile</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.forbes.com/profile/bill-gates" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Profile</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/billgates" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Appearances</a> on <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-SPAN" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/guest/view/33" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)"><i>Charlie Rose</i></a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/speakers/bill_gates.html/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TED_(conference)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="TED (conference)">TED Conferences</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0309540/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/g/bill_gates/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n91-8414" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Works by or about Bill Gates</a> in libraries (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WorldCat" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> catalog)</li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="extiw" href="http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL34537A" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: none;" title="openlibrary:authors/OL34537A">Works by Bill Gates</a> on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Library" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/435/000022369" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">Bill Gates</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_Names_Database" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Notable Names Database">Notable Names Database</a></li>
<li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://money.cnn.com/2006/03/30/news/newsmakers/gates_howiwork_fortune/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-right: 13px; text-decoration: none;">How I Work: Bill Gates</a>, <i>Fortune</i>, March 30, 2006</li>
</ul><table class="wikitable succession-box" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-collapse: collapse; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: both; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.5em;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f2f2f2; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(255, 241, 87); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 5px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: center;">Honorary titles</th></tr>
<tr style="text-align: center;"><td align="center" rowspan="1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;" width="30%">Preceded by<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a><br />
Warren Buffett</span></td><td rowspan="1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;" width="40%"><b><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_billionaires" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="List of billionaires">World's richest person</a></b><br />
1996–2007<br />
2009–2010</td><td align="center" rowspan="1" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em;" width="30%">Succeeded by<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Warren Buffett<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Slim" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="Carlos Slim">Carlos Slim</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #ccccff; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><span class="collapseButton" style="float: right; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 0.5em; text-align: right; width: 6em;">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates#" id="collapseButton1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">show</a>]</span><span style="float: left; text-align: left; width: 6em;"><span class="noprint plainlinks navbar" style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap; word-spacing: -0.12em;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_2001%E2%80%932025" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" title="View this template">v</span></a> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><b>·</b></span> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_2001%E2%80%932025" style="background-attachment: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-origin: initial !important; color: #0645ad; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;"><b>·</b></span> <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year_2001%E2%80%932025&action=edit" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: url(data:image/png; background-origin: initial; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; color: #3366bb; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; padding-right: 13px; padding-top: 0px !important; text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial;" title="Edit this template">e</span></a></span></span></span><span class="" style="font-size: 12px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a><br />
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</tbody></table>SMKTTJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12247453858672360132noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5286306183818924542.post-42014408070398097382011-11-08T04:01:00.000-08:002011-11-08T04:01:50.425-08:00<table class="contentpaneopen" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 755px;"><tbody>
<tr><td class="contentheading" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 1.4em; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: bottom; width: 751px;" width="100%"><u>COMPUTER VIRUSES<br />
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<tr><td valign="top"><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Is your desktop or laptop acting weird, getting slower, slowing down or crashing frequently? If yes your machine is infected by computer viruses. Viruses are getting very smart; they easily enter the computer network and spread quickly on the total computer network. Now the new viruses activate four to five different activities on your computer. This is a clear trend. You have to take the best possible computer security measures, which will ultimately protect your valuable data. We will be discussing about different types of computer viruses and how to stop them attacking your computer. We believe this guide will be a helpful for all.No matter how careful you might be, chances are, at one time or another, you will find your computer infected with a virus. If you are a frequent Internet user and you often download videos, music and other files from online, the chances of you picking up a trojan, worm, or other virus are almost assured. Thankfully, there are many great virus protection programs on the market today that can instantly vanquish even the toughest viruses, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t have an idea of some of the common computer viruses that are currently going around.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">1.</span> <strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Encrypted Viruses</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">The encrypted virus is probably the most difficult kind of bug to detect and the most difficult to stop. You may accidentally have downloaded one of these bugs and before you know it, your entire computer can be infected. Many top virus protection programs miss encrypted viruses because these bugs use a different form of encryption every time. When the bug wants to run wild, it decrypts itself. In most cases, your virus protection can then identify it and stop it.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">2. Secret Viruses</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">These types of viruses will make changes to files on your computer, or completely replace files, but then try to trick your computer and your anti virus program into thinking that the originals are being used. Most advanced virus protection programs can stop these common computer viruses dead in their tracks.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">3. Time Delay Viruses</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">These types of viruses take a much slower, more disciplined path towards ruining your computer. Instead of instantly trying to take over your computer the moment you download them, they will wait and slowly infect files bit by bit. You may not have been online for days but then suddenly find yourself with an infection. These common computer viruses are the reason why you should run your virus protection every few days, just in case.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">4.</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">The Anti-Virus Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">Believe it or not, there are viruses out there that do nothing more than attack your pre-installed anti virus program in hopes of disabling it so other viruses can then be downloaded. This is why many people have a virus protection program as well as a separate anti-spyware or anti-malware program on their computer.<br />
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">5</span><strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">.</span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">The Multi-Headed Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">This is one of the most nefarious bugs on the whole Internet. Not only are there parts of this virus that will attach themselves to .exe files on your computer, but it will also affect your computer’s start up so that you begin running the virus every time you turn your computer on automatically.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">6. The Misdirection Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">This type of virus is downright scary. It has a built in subprogram that is made to give false readings to your virus protection software. You think you have a bug in one directory, when, in fact, the virus is busy harming your computer in a whole other area.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">7. A Cloning Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">The cloning virus is an old fashioned type of bug. When you download it, it will quickly create duplicates for .exe files you have on your computer, hoping that you’ll click on it when you really mean to click on a healthy program you already have.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">8. The Author Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">When you download a virus, it usually attaches itself to a program and then runs when you run that program. The Author Virus, on the other hand, finds an .exe file and actually deletes and rewrites code so that the program is changed. Few common computer viruses run this way since the level of virus needs to be so sophisticated.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">9. The Bad Penny Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">The very first computer virus to ever hit the Internet was a Bad Penny virus. This is a bug that automatically passes itself on to everyone on a network or on the Internet unless something stops it. This was the whole reason why firewalls were invented.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">11. Rewriting Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">This bug made a habit out of rewriting some of your most needed files, as well as filling up your hard drive with all sorts of invisible files you couldn’t normally see.<br />
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<strong><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">12. The Melissa Virus</span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">This was a bug that hit everyone, both PC users and Mac users. It would automatically email itself to other people without permission. It can be extra harmful if you use a private mail server at your place of employment. The Melissa virus has gone down in history as one of the most common computer viruses of all time.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><span style="background-color: yellow; text-decoration: underline;"><strong>HOW TO REMOVE VIRUSES FROM COMPUTER</strong></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"></span></strong></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">1. If your machine is infected with viruses please use online tool to scan and clean the viruses. Please</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> follow this link :</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> <a href="http://housecall.trendmicro.com/" style="color: #135cae; text-decoration: none;">http://housecall.trendmicro.com/</a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> <a href="http://www.precisesecurity.com/antivirus/online-scan.htm" style="color: #135cae; text-decoration: none;">http://www.precisesecurity.com/antivirus/online-scan.htm</a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">2.Once your machine is clean, please update your antivirus and scan your machine.</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;">3. Free antivirus link :</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> <a href="http://free.avg.com/us-en/download?prd=afg" style="color: #135cae; text-decoration: none;">http://free.avg.com/us-en/download?prd=afg</a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> <a href="http://www.avira.com/en/download/index.html" style="color: #135cae; text-decoration: none;">http://www.avira.com/en/download/index.html</a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> <a href="http://www.clamwin.com/content/view/18/46/" style="color: #135cae; text-decoration: none;">http://www.clamwin.com/content/view/18/46/</a></div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"><br />
</div><div style="margin-bottom: 5px;"> ~~~~Download antivirus from this link and scan your machine~~~~</div></td></tr>
</tbody></table>SMKTTJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12247453858672360132noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5286306183818924542.post-12322165385078973752011-11-07T03:55:00.000-08:002011-11-07T03:55:41.424-08:00Basic Computer Operations<h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>How Computers Work</u></h4><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Input: </b>Information and programs are entered into the computer through <b>Input devices</b> such as the <b>keyboard</b>, <b>disks</b>, or through other computers via network connections or <b>modems</b> connected to the Internet. The input device also retrieves information off disks.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white;"><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Output:</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Output Devices</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> displays information on the </span><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">screen (monitor)</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> or the printer and sends information to other computers. They also display messages about what </span><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">errors</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> may have occurred and brings up </span><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">message </b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">or </span><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">dialog</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> </span><b style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">box</b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"> asking for more information to be input. The output device also saves information on </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">the disk for future use.</span></div><div style="background-color: white;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</span></div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Processing:</b> The <b>CPU</b> or <b>central processing unit</b> is sometimes called the <b>Control Unit</b> and directs the operation of the input and output devices. The <b>Coprocessor</b>or the <b>Arithmetic-Logic Unit</b><i> </i>does arithmetic and comparisons. The <b>memory</b> or<b>RAM</b> temporarily stores information (files and programs) while you are using or working on them. The <b>BIOS</b> or <b>basic input/output system</b> controls the dialogue between the various devices.</div><h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</h4><h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Keyboard Layout and Data Entry</u></h4><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ENTER</b> or <b>RETURN</b> - Moves the cursor down one line and to the left margin. Enter also process commands such as choosing an option in a dialog (message) boxes and submitting a form.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>DEL</b> or <b>DELETE</b> - Deletes the character at cursor and/or characters to the right of the cursor and all highlighted (or selected) text.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>BKSP</b> or <b>BACKSPACE</b> - Deletes the character to the left of cursor and all hightlighted text.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>SPACE BAR</b> - Moves the cursor one space at a time to the right</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>SHIFT KEY</b> - Use the shift keys to type capital letters and to type the upper character on keys with two characters on them</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>CAPS LOCK</b> - Locks the keyboard so it types capital letters (a light goes on when caps lock is on)</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>TAB</b> - Moves the cursor five spaces to the right (number of spaces are usually adjustable). Tab moves to the next field in a form or table (Shift-Tab for previous field).</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ESC</b> or <b>ESCAPE</b> - Cancels a menu or dialog box</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>ARROW KEYS</b> - Moves the cursor around document without changing text</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>FUNCTION KEYS</b> or <b>F KEYS</b> - Access commands by themselves or in combination with the three <b>command</b> keys; CTRL, SHIFT, and ALT</div><div align="center" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div style="color: #1c1c53;"><a href="" name="ckey"><img alt="Keyboard" border="0" height="136" src="http://www.grassrootsdesign.com/intro/images/keyboard.gif" usemap="#Map" width="510" /></a><a href="" name="ckey"><map id="Map" name="Map"></map></a></div><div style="color: #1c1c53;"><br />
</div></div><a href="" name="ckey" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"></a><h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</h4><h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Command or Special Keys</u></h4><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Command keys normally do nothing on their own but work in combination with other keys. Each piece of software uses the command keys differently though there is a move to standardize some functions. The <b>Control key</b> or <b>Ctrl</b> is often used to access commands. The <b>Alternative key</b> or <b>Alt</b> is often used to access menus. The <b>Shift key</b> is used to type CAPITAL LETTERS. As well the command keys are all used to move through documents and edit text faster and easier. As well many computers have <b>Special keys</b> design specifically for the particular computer. Apple computers have the <b>Apple keys</b> and Macs have <b>Command keys</b>. Many keyboards now have a <b>Windows key</b> specifically for Windows 9x and newer systems. Many older computers also have special keys used for a variety of different functions.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Some <b>Notebook</b> or <b>Laptop keys</b> are left out because of space limitations and they usually have a <b>Special function key</b> which allows other keys to double for the missing ones.</div><h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><br />
</h4><h4 style="background-color: white; color: #000078; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><u>Basic Typing Rules</u></h4><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Place one space between each word, after a punctuation mark and at the end of a sentence. Always start a sentence with a capital letter. Use capitals for names, addresses, provinces and countries, places, organizations, businesses, associations, schools, colleges, universities, days of the week, months, holidays, nationalities, ethnic groups and languages.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">Learning the keyboard is the first step to learning computers. Learning involves<b>practice</b>. It really is as simple as that. There are two kinds of typing.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The first is called <b>Touch Typing</b>. The Touch Typist uses the <b>Home Keys</b> (<i><b>asdf</b></i> for the left hand and <i><b>jkl;</b></i> for the right) and all the fingers on both hands as well as the thumbs for the Space Bar while typing. There are many commercial and public domain programs that are designed to teach this method.</div><div style="background-color: white; color: #1c1c53; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">The other method is some times called 'Hunt and Peck' or depending on finger strength 'Search and Destroy'. This involves using one or more fingers on one or two hands to type. It is a perfectly acceptable way of using a computer and many people get along fine with this technique.</div>SMKTTJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12247453858672360132noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5286306183818924542.post-9088610598392811402011-11-06T04:34:00.000-08:002011-11-06T04:34:11.407-08:00<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">What is ICT ?</span></b></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal"> <span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Is the technology required for information processing, in particular, the use of electronic computers, communication devices and software applications to convert, store, protect, pricess, transmit and retrieve information from anywhere, anytime.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Information</span></b></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="float: none;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></span></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study or research.</span></span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #ff9900; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">The tools to transmit information are the telephone, television and radio.</span></span></span></span><span style="background: white; color: #ff9900; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: EN-MY; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">We need information to make decisions and to predict the future. For example, scientists can detect the formation of a tsunami using the latest technology and warn the public to avoid disasters in the affected areas.</span></span></span> <br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Information is knowledge and helps us to fulfill our daily tasks. For example, forecasting the stock exchange market.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Communication :</span></span></b><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Is an act or transmitting messages. It is a process whereby information is exchanged between individuals using symbols, signs or verbal interactions. Previously, </span></span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">people communicated through sign or symbols, performing drama and poetry. With the advent of technology, these 'older' forms of communication are less utilised as compared to the use of the Internet, e-mail or video conferencing.</span></span></span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Communication is important in order to gain knowledge. With knowledge, we are more confident in expressing our thoughts and ideas.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
</span><b><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: blue;">Technology :</span></span></b><br />
<span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Is the use of scientific knowledge, experience and resources to create processes and products that fulfill human needs.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">is vital in communication.</span></span></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #ff9900; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 14px;"><br />
</span></span> <span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Aiding Communication</span></span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">- telephone and fax machines are the devices used in extending communication.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">Spreading Information</span></span></span><br />
<span class="apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;"><span style="float: none;">- to broadcast information such as news or weather reports effectively. Radio, television, satellites and the World Wide Web (www) are powerful tools that can be used.</span></span></span></div>SMKTTJhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12247453858672360132noreply@blogger.com0